Jenis-jenis bidang kajian ialah :
Microbiologi - mengkaji organisma
Botani - mengkaji tumbuhan
Ekologi - mengkaji persekitaran
Taksonomi - mengenal pasti huraian dan nama organisma
Fisiologi - mengkaji luar badan
Genetik - mengkaji pembiakan
Anatomi - mengkaji dalam badan
Bioteknologi - menggunakan organisma hidup untuk menghasilkan produk berguna
virologi - mempelajari makhluk suborganisme, terutama virus.
Zoology - kajian mengenai alam haiwan
Entomologi - mengkaji serangga
Malacologi - mengkaji moluska
Ichthyologi - mengkaji ikan
Herpatologi - mengkaji amfibia dan reptilia
Ornithologi - mengkaji burung
Mamalogi - mengkaji mamalia
Paleontologi -kajian mengenai fosil
Morfologi - kajian mengenai struktur termasuk luaran atau sistem
Histologi - mengkaji tisu badan
Sitologi - kajian sel serta komponennya
Entomologi - mengenai serangga
Mikologi - mengkaji fungi/cendawan
Embriologi - ilmu embrio, mempelajari bagaimana sel tunggal membelah
#credit google
Memaparkan catatan dengan label research. Papar semua catatan
Memaparkan catatan dengan label research. Papar semua catatan
WAY TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY IN THE WORKPLACE
It is imperative in a leadership role that you communicate effectively. An age old aphorism goes, “It’s not what you say, but how you say it.” Communication is what separates a poor leader from an exceptional one. Having effective communication skills is the key to good leadership.
When you communicate well with your team, it helps eliminate misunderstandings and can encourage a healthy and peaceful work environment. Efficient communication with your team will also let you get work done quickly and professionally.
The moment you get the lines of communication open with your team, the process of carrying out tasks and projects will most likely go by smoothly. Plus you will be surprised how meeting targets will become a whole lot easier.
Ways to Communicate Effectively in the Workplace
1. Open Meeting
It is easier to communicate your passion and how you feel to your team via open meetings. In this kind of forum, they will not only hear what you are saying, they will also see and feel it. This approach still remains one of the best approaches to communicate effectively with a team.
2. Emails
In official settings, communication via email remains potent. It will enable you to pass messages to members of your team without pulling them out of their work stations.
3. One on One
Experts have been able to prove that some people understand better when you take them aside and talk to them on a one-on-one basis. Ensure that you maintain eye contact with them to enable the message to sink in.
4. Use Presentations
Some people grasp messages easily when pictures and sounds are involved. Using presentations like Microsoft Power Point to communicate with your team will give them the opportunity to refer back to it if they aren’t clear about certain things.
5. Communication via Training
Your training should be tailored towards communicating certain information to your team members. Most employees take training serious, especially when it’s part of their appraisal.
6. Display Confidence and Seriousness
Ensure that you display confidence and seriousness to ensure that you will not be taken for granted. When your team members notice any uncertainty and lack of seriousness when you’re communicating with them, they are likely to treat the information with disdain or disregard.
7. Use Simple Words
The truth is that everybody cannot be on same page when it comes to vocabulary. Therefore, to be effective in your communications with your team members, use words that can be easily understood. When ambiguous words are used, you can be misunderstood and/or waste precious time having to explain yourself.
8. Use Visuals
Place visuals at strategic positions around the work stations of your team. They should not just hear the message, they should also see it. This gives room for better comprehension.
9. Listen to Your Team Members
Communication is intended to be a two way street. Don’t just talk because you are the leader without listening to anyone else. Encourage them to open up so you can be well guided when communicating in the future with them. You have two ears and one mouth –so you must listen more than you speak.
10. Use Body Language
Your body language will pass your message faster and better. Master the art of using body language when communicating with your team. Stand/sit up straight, use smiles, handshakes and eye contact.
11. Act Out Your Message
Someone once said, “Tell me what you want me to do and I might forget it, but do it in front of me and I will never forget it.” Acting out your message is a very potent way of communicating with your team. Let them see you do what you want them to do, and watch their excuses disappear.
12. Use The Appropriate Tone of Voice
One word can mean a different thing when said in a different tone of voice. Make sure you use the appropriate tone of voice to communicate your message to your team so that you won’t be misunderstood and discourage or demotivate members or cause them to shut down completely out of fear.
13. Avoid Unnecessary Repetition
If you want your team members to take you serious, never sound like a broken record and don’t beat a dead horse. Tell your team members what you want them to know or do and ask them if they are clear about it. If they are not, only then do you repeat what you have said.
14. Create a Receptive Atmosphere
To effectively communicate with your team, you must create a receptive atmosphere. Avoid a tense environment at all costs because when you communicate in an overly intense manner, the message you are trying to share might not be well understood or retained.
15. Be Humorous
Using friendly jokes when communicating with your team members will help pass your message along in a more relaxed way. This method of communication has been proven to be a highly effective way of dousing tension. When the atmosphere is unfriendly and intense, being humorous does the trick. If you must use jokes, please don’t overdo it. Remember, you are not a stand-up comedian.
16. Be Articulate
Communication is indeed a skill that must be learned by all, especially if you want to lead any group of people. Being articulate when you communicate to your team members makes it easier for them to understand your message.
17. Avoid Mumbling
Your team members should be able to hear you clearly. When communicating with them, try as much as possible to speak clearly and not mumble words. When you mumble words or speak too quickly, you may assume that they are clear on the subject. But the truth is, they might not be. It also shows a lack of confidence on your part.
18. Encourage Feedback
Don’t just talk and walk away. Give room for feedback so that you can measure the effectiveness of your style of communication. It will also afford you the privilege of knowing if your message was well understood.
19. Gesticulate
Use your hands to demonstrate your message. Make hand motions and signals to establish the seriousness of your subject matter when communicating with your team members. This shows that you understand what you are trying to relay to them. Just don’t let your body movement become too exaggerated and intense.
20. Be Appreciative
After every communication session, via whatever means you have decided, always remember to thank your listeners for their time. It will cost you nothing and it’s a simple courtesy.
Remember that the point of working as a team is to share ideas and boost productivity. When communication is hampered, it can sidetrack the entire effort.
You must work hard at these communication tactics and create ground rules to keep everyone up to date, which helps avoid confusion and ensure the completion of the project with ease.
Neha patel, December 11,2013 at 12;41am
Face to face or one on one communication is the best for my business and I really satisfied with it.
Robert Brady, November 19, 2013 at 6:24 pm
In all of these situations, keep it short, simple and to the point. Whether good or bad, belaboring the point takes away from the message.
Aira Bongco, November 19, 2013 at 11:00 pm
Also, team building activities and out-of-work activities can foster bonding and camaraderie among the team. This way, team members would be more willing to contribute and reach the team’s goals.
Mike Dancy, November 21, 2013 at 8:41 pm
All great ways to communicate. And Communication is key. Very few things set the tone of employment mood then lack of communication. All employees like to be “in the loop” with company choices and decisions. Be excluding employees, a company can shut out their best performers and actually drive them away from the company.
Grace Atkins, December 17, 2013 at 4:39 am
Effective communication in the workplace can increase work productivity and output which leads to the success of the business. Thank you for sharing the bunch of ways that would be helpful for business success.
Aaron Rodriguez, August 28, 2014 at 4:27 pm
I agree a team that is working together to get the same objective is always better numerous minds are always better than one, different prospectives always help to get the outcome more efficiently.
Aaron Rodriguez, August 28, 2014 at 4:22 pm
I agree with all these methods. Being open for anything ideas are always good. No one wants a work environment that is quiet and have there head down, un fun. Communication is what also makes time go by fast.
Dinesh Kumar, November 28, 2014 at 8:56 am
Face to face communication is the best way for any communication
Sandra M harrell, May 10, 2015 at 11:18 am
“Face to face communications is still my favorite I’m able to see my audience and with their moves or faces I can get immediate feed back . and is true the way we project ourselves is how they are going to take it, keep it fresh interesting informative and open for questions"
Celestine, August 22, 2016 at 2:04 pm
Face to face communication is the best because some people understand signs,demonstration can easy the understanding and also Avenue to air there views.thanks for this article
source : https://smallbiztrends.com/2013/11/ways-to-communicate-effectively-in-the-workplace.html
When you communicate well with your team, it helps eliminate misunderstandings and can encourage a healthy and peaceful work environment. Efficient communication with your team will also let you get work done quickly and professionally.
The moment you get the lines of communication open with your team, the process of carrying out tasks and projects will most likely go by smoothly. Plus you will be surprised how meeting targets will become a whole lot easier.
Ways to Communicate Effectively in the Workplace
1. Open Meeting
It is easier to communicate your passion and how you feel to your team via open meetings. In this kind of forum, they will not only hear what you are saying, they will also see and feel it. This approach still remains one of the best approaches to communicate effectively with a team.
2. Emails
In official settings, communication via email remains potent. It will enable you to pass messages to members of your team without pulling them out of their work stations.
3. One on One
Experts have been able to prove that some people understand better when you take them aside and talk to them on a one-on-one basis. Ensure that you maintain eye contact with them to enable the message to sink in.
4. Use Presentations
Some people grasp messages easily when pictures and sounds are involved. Using presentations like Microsoft Power Point to communicate with your team will give them the opportunity to refer back to it if they aren’t clear about certain things.
5. Communication via Training
Your training should be tailored towards communicating certain information to your team members. Most employees take training serious, especially when it’s part of their appraisal.
6. Display Confidence and Seriousness
Ensure that you display confidence and seriousness to ensure that you will not be taken for granted. When your team members notice any uncertainty and lack of seriousness when you’re communicating with them, they are likely to treat the information with disdain or disregard.
7. Use Simple Words
The truth is that everybody cannot be on same page when it comes to vocabulary. Therefore, to be effective in your communications with your team members, use words that can be easily understood. When ambiguous words are used, you can be misunderstood and/or waste precious time having to explain yourself.
8. Use Visuals
Place visuals at strategic positions around the work stations of your team. They should not just hear the message, they should also see it. This gives room for better comprehension.
9. Listen to Your Team Members
Communication is intended to be a two way street. Don’t just talk because you are the leader without listening to anyone else. Encourage them to open up so you can be well guided when communicating in the future with them. You have two ears and one mouth –so you must listen more than you speak.
10. Use Body Language
Your body language will pass your message faster and better. Master the art of using body language when communicating with your team. Stand/sit up straight, use smiles, handshakes and eye contact.
11. Act Out Your Message
Someone once said, “Tell me what you want me to do and I might forget it, but do it in front of me and I will never forget it.” Acting out your message is a very potent way of communicating with your team. Let them see you do what you want them to do, and watch their excuses disappear.
12. Use The Appropriate Tone of Voice
One word can mean a different thing when said in a different tone of voice. Make sure you use the appropriate tone of voice to communicate your message to your team so that you won’t be misunderstood and discourage or demotivate members or cause them to shut down completely out of fear.
13. Avoid Unnecessary Repetition
If you want your team members to take you serious, never sound like a broken record and don’t beat a dead horse. Tell your team members what you want them to know or do and ask them if they are clear about it. If they are not, only then do you repeat what you have said.
14. Create a Receptive Atmosphere
To effectively communicate with your team, you must create a receptive atmosphere. Avoid a tense environment at all costs because when you communicate in an overly intense manner, the message you are trying to share might not be well understood or retained.
15. Be Humorous
Using friendly jokes when communicating with your team members will help pass your message along in a more relaxed way. This method of communication has been proven to be a highly effective way of dousing tension. When the atmosphere is unfriendly and intense, being humorous does the trick. If you must use jokes, please don’t overdo it. Remember, you are not a stand-up comedian.
16. Be Articulate
Communication is indeed a skill that must be learned by all, especially if you want to lead any group of people. Being articulate when you communicate to your team members makes it easier for them to understand your message.
17. Avoid Mumbling
Your team members should be able to hear you clearly. When communicating with them, try as much as possible to speak clearly and not mumble words. When you mumble words or speak too quickly, you may assume that they are clear on the subject. But the truth is, they might not be. It also shows a lack of confidence on your part.
18. Encourage Feedback
Don’t just talk and walk away. Give room for feedback so that you can measure the effectiveness of your style of communication. It will also afford you the privilege of knowing if your message was well understood.
19. Gesticulate
Use your hands to demonstrate your message. Make hand motions and signals to establish the seriousness of your subject matter when communicating with your team members. This shows that you understand what you are trying to relay to them. Just don’t let your body movement become too exaggerated and intense.
20. Be Appreciative
After every communication session, via whatever means you have decided, always remember to thank your listeners for their time. It will cost you nothing and it’s a simple courtesy.
Remember that the point of working as a team is to share ideas and boost productivity. When communication is hampered, it can sidetrack the entire effort.
You must work hard at these communication tactics and create ground rules to keep everyone up to date, which helps avoid confusion and ensure the completion of the project with ease.
Neha patel, December 11,2013 at 12;41am
Face to face or one on one communication is the best for my business and I really satisfied with it.
Robert Brady, November 19, 2013 at 6:24 pm
In all of these situations, keep it short, simple and to the point. Whether good or bad, belaboring the point takes away from the message.
Aira Bongco, November 19, 2013 at 11:00 pm
Also, team building activities and out-of-work activities can foster bonding and camaraderie among the team. This way, team members would be more willing to contribute and reach the team’s goals.
Mike Dancy, November 21, 2013 at 8:41 pm
All great ways to communicate. And Communication is key. Very few things set the tone of employment mood then lack of communication. All employees like to be “in the loop” with company choices and decisions. Be excluding employees, a company can shut out their best performers and actually drive them away from the company.
Grace Atkins, December 17, 2013 at 4:39 am
Effective communication in the workplace can increase work productivity and output which leads to the success of the business. Thank you for sharing the bunch of ways that would be helpful for business success.
Aaron Rodriguez, August 28, 2014 at 4:27 pm
I agree a team that is working together to get the same objective is always better numerous minds are always better than one, different prospectives always help to get the outcome more efficiently.
Aaron Rodriguez, August 28, 2014 at 4:22 pm
I agree with all these methods. Being open for anything ideas are always good. No one wants a work environment that is quiet and have there head down, un fun. Communication is what also makes time go by fast.
Dinesh Kumar, November 28, 2014 at 8:56 am
Face to face communication is the best way for any communication
Sandra M harrell, May 10, 2015 at 11:18 am
“Face to face communications is still my favorite I’m able to see my audience and with their moves or faces I can get immediate feed back . and is true the way we project ourselves is how they are going to take it, keep it fresh interesting informative and open for questions"
Celestine, August 22, 2016 at 2:04 pm
Face to face communication is the best because some people understand signs,demonstration can easy the understanding and also Avenue to air there views.thanks for this article
source : https://smallbiztrends.com/2013/11/ways-to-communicate-effectively-in-the-workplace.html
BARRIERS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
A barrier is anything that will get in the way of communication. There are a wide range of barriers including:
Attitude – When a worker is abrupt due to time limits, not having enough resources or their mood, the person they are speaking to may feel intimidated or frustrated and not want to communicate.
Limited use of technology – When the technological aids known to be the best way for someone to communicate are not available.
Body positioning – Sitting too close could be intimidating and would make an individual feel uncomfortable. Sitting too far away could show lack of interest or concern.
Emotions – When someone is depressed, angry, embarrassed or upset their emotions may affect their ability to think and communicate in a sensible way.
Physical – When someone has physical conditions that create communication difficulties, for example, being breathless, not having any teeth or being in pain.
Not enough time – Not giving individuals time to say what they want may make them feel rushed and reluctant to express their true wishes.
Poor or negative body language – Crossed arms or legs, poor facial expressions, poor body positioning, constant fidgeting or looking at a watch or mobile phone can all make someone less likely to communicate.
Lack of privacy – Think carefully about where and when private and confidential conversations should take place.
Stereotyping – Generalisations about a group of people that are wrong and misleading. An example would be that ‘all older people are hard of hearing'.
Other barriers include sensory impairments, culture, language, noise, lighting or substance misuse.
REDUCING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
As a worker you should do what you can to reduce any barriers to communication. The most effective way to make sure that you are meeting someone’s communication needs and providing person centred care is to know as much as possible as you can about them.
A ‘communication passport’ might be used by some which provides vital information about their needs, wishes and preferences. This pulls together the information into a format that is easy to read, often with pictures and photographs. Putting something like this together with an individual can be another good way of getting to know them well and understanding their needs. Your organisation might have a suggested format but at a simple level you can put one together with the individual to suit them.
It is important to get regular feedback about your communication style and methods from the people you provide care and support to so that you can continue to improve how you communicate. You could also increase your awareness of different communication needs and methods through taking up learning opportunities. Experience will help you to develop a variety of new methods of communication and selecting the best one in each situation. Be creative. Open body language and a positive, non-judgemental attitude will further help reduce barriers. Your communication skills should be seen as a toolbox, using the right tool for the right job and choosing a different tool if one doesn’t work well.
source : http://www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Documents/Learning-and-development/Care Certificate/Standard-6.pdf
Attitude – When a worker is abrupt due to time limits, not having enough resources or their mood, the person they are speaking to may feel intimidated or frustrated and not want to communicate.
Limited use of technology – When the technological aids known to be the best way for someone to communicate are not available.
Body positioning – Sitting too close could be intimidating and would make an individual feel uncomfortable. Sitting too far away could show lack of interest or concern.
Emotions – When someone is depressed, angry, embarrassed or upset their emotions may affect their ability to think and communicate in a sensible way.
Physical – When someone has physical conditions that create communication difficulties, for example, being breathless, not having any teeth or being in pain.
Not enough time – Not giving individuals time to say what they want may make them feel rushed and reluctant to express their true wishes.
Poor or negative body language – Crossed arms or legs, poor facial expressions, poor body positioning, constant fidgeting or looking at a watch or mobile phone can all make someone less likely to communicate.
Lack of privacy – Think carefully about where and when private and confidential conversations should take place.
Stereotyping – Generalisations about a group of people that are wrong and misleading. An example would be that ‘all older people are hard of hearing'.
Other barriers include sensory impairments, culture, language, noise, lighting or substance misuse.
REDUCING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
As a worker you should do what you can to reduce any barriers to communication. The most effective way to make sure that you are meeting someone’s communication needs and providing person centred care is to know as much as possible as you can about them.
A ‘communication passport’ might be used by some which provides vital information about their needs, wishes and preferences. This pulls together the information into a format that is easy to read, often with pictures and photographs. Putting something like this together with an individual can be another good way of getting to know them well and understanding their needs. Your organisation might have a suggested format but at a simple level you can put one together with the individual to suit them.
It is important to get regular feedback about your communication style and methods from the people you provide care and support to so that you can continue to improve how you communicate. You could also increase your awareness of different communication needs and methods through taking up learning opportunities. Experience will help you to develop a variety of new methods of communication and selecting the best one in each situation. Be creative. Open body language and a positive, non-judgemental attitude will further help reduce barriers. Your communication skills should be seen as a toolbox, using the right tool for the right job and choosing a different tool if one doesn’t work well.
source : http://www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Documents/Learning-and-development/Care Certificate/Standard-6.pdf
HOW DO WE COMMUNICATE?
Most people think about speech when they think about communication but there are many other ways we can also use to communicate with each other.
For communication to be effective we also have to be able to understand what others are trying to communicate to us.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Meaning : The communication in which the sender uses words to transmit the message to the receiver is known as verbal communication.
Types : Formal and Informal
Time Consuming : No
Chances of transmission of wrong message : Rarely happens.
Documentary Evidence : Yes, in case of written communication.
Advantage : The Message can be clearly understood and immediate feedback is possible.
Presence : The message can be transmitted through letters, phone calls, etc. so the personal presence of the parties, doesn't make any change.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Meaning : The communication that takes place between sender and receiver with the use of signs is known as non-verbal communication.
Types : Chronemics, Vocalics, Haptics, Kinesics, Proxemics, Artifacts.
Time Consuming : Yes
Chances of transmission of wrong message : Happens most of the time.
Documentary Evidence : No
Advantage : Helpful in understanding emotions, status, lifestyle and feelings of the sender.
Presence : The personal presence of both the parties to communication is a must.
Different people have different ways of communicating that work best for them. Some of the different types of communication are:
Verbal communication - Differences in how you speak, including the tone, pitch, speed and volume of your voice could change how your messages are taken in. Try to avoid using jargon or abbreviations and complicated words and terminology. Make sure you always speak in a respectful way, adjusting your speech to suit the individual.
Sign language - This is a recognised language throughout the world. British Sign Language (BSL) is used by individuals in this country and there are variations of sign language in different regions.
Makaton - This is a form of language that uses a large collection of signs and symbols. It is often used with those who have learning and physical disabilities, or hearing impairment.
Braille - Is a code of raised dots that are ‘read’ using touch. For people who are visually impaired or who are blind, the system supports reading and writing.
Body language – This is a type of nonverbal communication. There are many different aspects of body language, including gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positioning and body movements. Each of these will communicate information about an individual or a worker often without them realising it.
Gestures – These are hand or arm movements that emphasise what is being said or used as an alternative to speaking.
Facial expressions – These support what is being said by showing reactions or feelings. They can give you valuable clues that you can use to check out a person’s feelings.
Eye contact - Maintaining good eye contact is an important way for a worker to show that they are engaged and listening.
Position - The way that we stand, sit or hold our arms when we are talking will provide others with clues about our feelings, attitude and emotions.
Written communication - This method is used to send messages, keep records, or provide avidence
- Facial expressions
- Gestures
- Pointing / Using hands
- Writing
- Drawing
- Using equipment e.g. Text message or computer
- Touch
- Eye contact
For communication to be effective we also have to be able to understand what others are trying to communicate to us.
- Understanding language
- Hearing
- Ability to see
- Reading skills
- Ability to recognise and use information
- Memory to recall and understand information
BASIS FOR COMPARISON
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Meaning : The communication in which the sender uses words to transmit the message to the receiver is known as verbal communication.
Types : Formal and Informal
Time Consuming : No
Chances of transmission of wrong message : Rarely happens.
Documentary Evidence : Yes, in case of written communication.
Advantage : The Message can be clearly understood and immediate feedback is possible.
Presence : The message can be transmitted through letters, phone calls, etc. so the personal presence of the parties, doesn't make any change.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Meaning : The communication that takes place between sender and receiver with the use of signs is known as non-verbal communication.
Types : Chronemics, Vocalics, Haptics, Kinesics, Proxemics, Artifacts.
Time Consuming : Yes
Chances of transmission of wrong message : Happens most of the time.
Documentary Evidence : No
Advantage : Helpful in understanding emotions, status, lifestyle and feelings of the sender.
Presence : The personal presence of both the parties to communication is a must.
Different people have different ways of communicating that work best for them. Some of the different types of communication are:
Verbal communication - Differences in how you speak, including the tone, pitch, speed and volume of your voice could change how your messages are taken in. Try to avoid using jargon or abbreviations and complicated words and terminology. Make sure you always speak in a respectful way, adjusting your speech to suit the individual.
Sign language - This is a recognised language throughout the world. British Sign Language (BSL) is used by individuals in this country and there are variations of sign language in different regions.
Makaton - This is a form of language that uses a large collection of signs and symbols. It is often used with those who have learning and physical disabilities, or hearing impairment.
Braille - Is a code of raised dots that are ‘read’ using touch. For people who are visually impaired or who are blind, the system supports reading and writing.
Body language – This is a type of nonverbal communication. There are many different aspects of body language, including gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positioning and body movements. Each of these will communicate information about an individual or a worker often without them realising it.
Gestures – These are hand or arm movements that emphasise what is being said or used as an alternative to speaking.
Facial expressions – These support what is being said by showing reactions or feelings. They can give you valuable clues that you can use to check out a person’s feelings.
Eye contact - Maintaining good eye contact is an important way for a worker to show that they are engaged and listening.
Position - The way that we stand, sit or hold our arms when we are talking will provide others with clues about our feelings, attitude and emotions.
Written communication - This method is used to send messages, keep records, or provide avidence
source : http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-verbal-and-non-verbal-communication.html#ixzz4VdcHL7s0
source : http://www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Documents/Learning-and-development/Care-Certificate/Standard-6.pdf
WHEN AND WHY YOU NEED TO NEGOTIATE?
Accommodating
Individuals who enjoy solving the other party's problems and preserving personal relationships. Accommodators are sensitive to the emotional states, body language, and verbal signals of the other parties. They can, however, feel taken advantage of in situations when the other party places little emphasis on the relationship.
Accommodation is a passive but prosocial approach to conflict. People solve both large and small conflicts by giving in to the demands of others. Sometimes, they yield because they realize that their position is in error, so they agree with the viewpoint adopted by others. In other cases, however, they may withdraw their demands without really being convinced that the other side is correct, but for the sake of group unity or in the interest of time--they withdraw all complaints. Thus, yielding can reflect either genuine conversion or superficial compliance.
Avoiding
Individuals who do not like to negotiate and don't do it unless warranted. When negotiating, avoiders tend to defer and dodge the confrontational aspects of negotiating; however, they may be perceived as tactful and diplomatic. Inaction is a passive means of dealing with disputes. Those who avoid conflicts adopt a "wait and see" attitude, hoping that problems will solve themselves. Avoiders often tolerate conflicts, allowing them to simmer without doing anything to minimize them. Rather than openly discussing disagreements, people who rely on avoidance change the subject, skip meetings, or even leave the group altogether (Bayazit & Mannix, 2003). Sometimes they simply agree to disagree (a modus vivendi).
Collaborating
Individuals who enjoy negotiations that involve solving tough problems in creative ways. Collaborators are good at using negotiations to understand the concerns and interests of the other parties. Collaborating is an active, pro-social, and pro-self approach to conflict resolution.
Collaborating people identify the issues underlying the dispute and then work together to identify a solution that is satisfying to both sides. This orientation, which is also described as collaboration, problem solving, or a win-win orientation, entreats both sides in the dispute to consider their opponent's outcomes as well as their own,
Competing
Individuals who enjoy negotiations because they present an opportunity to win something. Competitive negotiators have strong instincts for all aspects of negotiating and are often strategic. Because their style can dominate the bargaining process, competitive negotiators often neglect the importance of relationships. Competing is an active, pro-self means of dealing with conflict that involves forcing others to accept one's view.
Those who use this strategy tend to see conflict as a win-lose situation and so use competitive, powerful tactics to intimidate others. Fighting (forcing, dominating, or contending) can take many forms, including authoritative mandate, challenges, arguing, insults, accusations, complaining, vengeance, and even physical violence (Morrill, 1995). These conflict resolution methods are all contentious ones because they involve imposing one's solution on the other party.
Compromising
Individuals who are eager to close the deal by doing what is fair and equal for all parties involved in the negotiation. Compromisers can be useful when there is limited time to complete the deal; however, compromisers often unnecessarily rush the negotiation process and make concessions too quickly.
A job interview: “What are you offering, and what can you expect to get in return? Ask them some questions about their attitude to rewarding success and commitment. What is their long-term vision for the organisation and the people in it? Such questions help you look strong and interested on a deeper level than usual,” says Charles.
Your salary: “You are in an objectively weak position. You have huge Needs, but an employer has a huge choice of candidates! The key thing is to project competence and confidence: you want the employer to believe that she/he will be better off by employing you and not the other candidates.
“What if I do really well in my first six months? Might you see your way to stepping up the salary a notch?” Ask directly if there is any flexibility on the salary or working methods, but in doing so show that you see the employer’s point of view:“To be quite honest, on this salary I’ll struggle to afford the rent and the commute!”
Suzie Cuddy is the UK Resourcing Advisor at O2′s Telefonica, so we asked her advice on how she suggests we negotiate salary, especially if you’re offered a salary that will barely cover your outgoings. “Never take a job that would cover your means. Not only will this lead to obvious financial strains like serious issues of not being able to pay rent or bills etc, but it could also lead to serious stress. Stress is never what you want out of a job and being in a job that means you cannot support yourself will only cause unnecessary stress.”
“Talk to the company and explain to them your situation and how much you would love to work for them but it just would not be financially viable for you. If they really want you and are really interested they will do something to get you on-board.”
Working flexibly: “It does no harm to attempt a negotiation of sorts in a job interview as long as it is done in a sensible, constructive way. That in itself projects adult confidence. ‘What if you look at allowing me to work from home three days a fortnight after I have proved myself for a couple of months?’
“Note that in both these cases you are trading Resources/Control around the idea of Time,” says Charles.
WHY SHOULD WOMEN NEGOTIATE?
Linda Babcock did a study for her book Women Don’t Ask where she found that there was a 7.6% difference between the salaries that women MBAs were getting and those that men were getting. A lot had been written on the comparable work issue already and much of the blame for the difference had been placed on organizations - basically institutional sexism.
Linda doesn’t say that doesn’t happen, but she does ask if there is something more. One of the questions she asked people is, “When you got your offer, did you attempt to negotiate?” She found that about 7% of women attempted to negotiate, while 57% of men did. Of those people who negotiated, they were able to increase their salary by over 7%. So, you can see that if women and men negotiated in similar proportions, that 7.6% difference would be cut dramatically.
One of the things I ask my students is: If you think of a $100,000 salary, and one person negotiates and gets $107,000, and the other doesn’t—what’s the cost of that? In a simple-minded way, some people say, "Is $7,000 really worth risking my reputation over?” And I agree, $7,000 may not be worth your reputation.
But that’s not the correct analysis, because that $7,000 is compounded. If you and your counterpart who negotiated are treated identically by the company—you are given the same raises and promotions—35 years later, you will have to work eight more years to be as wealthy as your counterpart at retirement. Now, the question is: $7,000 may not be worth the risk, but how about eight years of your life?
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation
source : https://gothinkbig.co.uk/features/why-negotiating-is-a-skill-you-should-learn
source : https://www.themuse.com/advice/why-women-must-ask-the-right-way-negotiation-advice-from-stanfords-margaret-a-neale
Individuals who enjoy solving the other party's problems and preserving personal relationships. Accommodators are sensitive to the emotional states, body language, and verbal signals of the other parties. They can, however, feel taken advantage of in situations when the other party places little emphasis on the relationship.
Accommodation is a passive but prosocial approach to conflict. People solve both large and small conflicts by giving in to the demands of others. Sometimes, they yield because they realize that their position is in error, so they agree with the viewpoint adopted by others. In other cases, however, they may withdraw their demands without really being convinced that the other side is correct, but for the sake of group unity or in the interest of time--they withdraw all complaints. Thus, yielding can reflect either genuine conversion or superficial compliance.
Avoiding
Individuals who do not like to negotiate and don't do it unless warranted. When negotiating, avoiders tend to defer and dodge the confrontational aspects of negotiating; however, they may be perceived as tactful and diplomatic. Inaction is a passive means of dealing with disputes. Those who avoid conflicts adopt a "wait and see" attitude, hoping that problems will solve themselves. Avoiders often tolerate conflicts, allowing them to simmer without doing anything to minimize them. Rather than openly discussing disagreements, people who rely on avoidance change the subject, skip meetings, or even leave the group altogether (Bayazit & Mannix, 2003). Sometimes they simply agree to disagree (a modus vivendi).
Collaborating
Individuals who enjoy negotiations that involve solving tough problems in creative ways. Collaborators are good at using negotiations to understand the concerns and interests of the other parties. Collaborating is an active, pro-social, and pro-self approach to conflict resolution.
Collaborating people identify the issues underlying the dispute and then work together to identify a solution that is satisfying to both sides. This orientation, which is also described as collaboration, problem solving, or a win-win orientation, entreats both sides in the dispute to consider their opponent's outcomes as well as their own,
Competing
Individuals who enjoy negotiations because they present an opportunity to win something. Competitive negotiators have strong instincts for all aspects of negotiating and are often strategic. Because their style can dominate the bargaining process, competitive negotiators often neglect the importance of relationships. Competing is an active, pro-self means of dealing with conflict that involves forcing others to accept one's view.
Those who use this strategy tend to see conflict as a win-lose situation and so use competitive, powerful tactics to intimidate others. Fighting (forcing, dominating, or contending) can take many forms, including authoritative mandate, challenges, arguing, insults, accusations, complaining, vengeance, and even physical violence (Morrill, 1995). These conflict resolution methods are all contentious ones because they involve imposing one's solution on the other party.
Compromising
Individuals who are eager to close the deal by doing what is fair and equal for all parties involved in the negotiation. Compromisers can be useful when there is limited time to complete the deal; however, compromisers often unnecessarily rush the negotiation process and make concessions too quickly.
A job interview: “What are you offering, and what can you expect to get in return? Ask them some questions about their attitude to rewarding success and commitment. What is their long-term vision for the organisation and the people in it? Such questions help you look strong and interested on a deeper level than usual,” says Charles.
Your salary: “You are in an objectively weak position. You have huge Needs, but an employer has a huge choice of candidates! The key thing is to project competence and confidence: you want the employer to believe that she/he will be better off by employing you and not the other candidates.
“What if I do really well in my first six months? Might you see your way to stepping up the salary a notch?” Ask directly if there is any flexibility on the salary or working methods, but in doing so show that you see the employer’s point of view:“To be quite honest, on this salary I’ll struggle to afford the rent and the commute!”
Suzie Cuddy is the UK Resourcing Advisor at O2′s Telefonica, so we asked her advice on how she suggests we negotiate salary, especially if you’re offered a salary that will barely cover your outgoings. “Never take a job that would cover your means. Not only will this lead to obvious financial strains like serious issues of not being able to pay rent or bills etc, but it could also lead to serious stress. Stress is never what you want out of a job and being in a job that means you cannot support yourself will only cause unnecessary stress.”
“Talk to the company and explain to them your situation and how much you would love to work for them but it just would not be financially viable for you. If they really want you and are really interested they will do something to get you on-board.”
Working flexibly: “It does no harm to attempt a negotiation of sorts in a job interview as long as it is done in a sensible, constructive way. That in itself projects adult confidence. ‘What if you look at allowing me to work from home three days a fortnight after I have proved myself for a couple of months?’
“Note that in both these cases you are trading Resources/Control around the idea of Time,” says Charles.
WHY SHOULD WOMEN NEGOTIATE?
Linda Babcock did a study for her book Women Don’t Ask where she found that there was a 7.6% difference between the salaries that women MBAs were getting and those that men were getting. A lot had been written on the comparable work issue already and much of the blame for the difference had been placed on organizations - basically institutional sexism.
Linda doesn’t say that doesn’t happen, but she does ask if there is something more. One of the questions she asked people is, “When you got your offer, did you attempt to negotiate?” She found that about 7% of women attempted to negotiate, while 57% of men did. Of those people who negotiated, they were able to increase their salary by over 7%. So, you can see that if women and men negotiated in similar proportions, that 7.6% difference would be cut dramatically.
One of the things I ask my students is: If you think of a $100,000 salary, and one person negotiates and gets $107,000, and the other doesn’t—what’s the cost of that? In a simple-minded way, some people say, "Is $7,000 really worth risking my reputation over?” And I agree, $7,000 may not be worth your reputation.
But that’s not the correct analysis, because that $7,000 is compounded. If you and your counterpart who negotiated are treated identically by the company—you are given the same raises and promotions—35 years later, you will have to work eight more years to be as wealthy as your counterpart at retirement. Now, the question is: $7,000 may not be worth the risk, but how about eight years of your life?
source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation
source : https://gothinkbig.co.uk/features/why-negotiating-is-a-skill-you-should-learn
source : https://www.themuse.com/advice/why-women-must-ask-the-right-way-negotiation-advice-from-stanfords-margaret-a-neale
WHAT IS NEGOTIATION AND PERSUASION?
NEGOTIATION
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute.
In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome.
Specific forms of negotiation are used in many situations: international affairs, the legal system, government, industrial disputes or domestic relationships as examples. However, general negotiation skills can be learned and applied in a wide range of activities. Negotiation skills can be of great benefit in resolving any differences that arise between you and others.
PERSUASION
Persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination of them.
source : https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.html#ixzz4X8pKlmXZ
source : http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/persuasion.
kita biasa nampak (Malaysian obviously) perkataan 'nego' di media sosial terutamanya wechat (as what I see) bila ada orang nak jual barang dan dia akan kata harga boleh 'nego'. actually 'nego' ni datangnya dari 'Negotiation' yang bermaksud rundingan.
'Persuasion' pula dalam Bahasa Melayunya ialah 'pujukan'
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute.
In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome.
Specific forms of negotiation are used in many situations: international affairs, the legal system, government, industrial disputes or domestic relationships as examples. However, general negotiation skills can be learned and applied in a wide range of activities. Negotiation skills can be of great benefit in resolving any differences that arise between you and others.
PERSUASION
Persuasion is a process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior toward some event, idea, object, or other person(s), by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination of them.
source : https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.html#ixzz4X8pKlmXZ
source : http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/persuasion.
kita biasa nampak (Malaysian obviously) perkataan 'nego' di media sosial terutamanya wechat (as what I see) bila ada orang nak jual barang dan dia akan kata harga boleh 'nego'. actually 'nego' ni datangnya dari 'Negotiation' yang bermaksud rundingan.
'Persuasion' pula dalam Bahasa Melayunya ialah 'pujukan'
DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES : MEN AND WOMEN IN A WORKPLACE
What are the differences and similarities on a workplace environment for a women and for a men? Is it still the men dominating the work market? Who takes more responsibility for child care? What factors predict work-life conflict among fathers and mothers?
The difference and similarities between men and women has been always a great topic to discuss. For so many years the men has been dominating the work market and the women was always bellow the man when it comes to work subject. The women was always given the “stay home” or “homemaker” tag. But today this scenario is changing dramatically.
Women are more than ever interested on jobs that before only men could dream of having.
On the same way the scenario for the men has been changing greatly.
The number of staying home dad’s has increased these last 10 years, according to the NCSW 2008 (National study of the changing workforce).
Because of the changes on the workplace environment, the women today is fighting for her rights and getting into places never dreamed of.
When it comes to workplace subject, there are many similarities and many differences between men and women.
Based on the NCSW 2008, men and women are similar in their desire for workplace flexibility, demonstrating that balancing work and personal responsibilities is not simply a women’s issue.
Although women face more challenges in achieving work/life balance, women and men equally desire a variety of informal and formal flexible work arrangements.
Clearly, workplace flexibility is no longer just about women and child care, but is more likely a quality of life issue for all employees.
Despite similar ambitions, the number of women at the top remains low compared to the number of men.
NSCW latest censuses show that although women make up 50.5 percent of the U.S. workforce, they hold only 15.7 percent of corporate officer positions in the Fortune 500 and 13.6 percent of board director seats. They hold only 7.9 percent of Fortune 500 highest titles, and represent only 5.2 percent of top earners.
Furthermore, the majority of women corporate officers are in staff positions rather than line positions, which have profit-and-loss responsibility and more often lead to the top. Only 9.9 percent of line corporate officer jobs are held by women.
Although women and men experience many of the same barriers to success, women face a host of stereotypes and environmental challenges that their male colleagues do not, including exclusion from informal networks, gender-based stereotypes, lack of role models, and they also have to deal with sexual harassment.
The sexual harassment topic is something that many times women have to deal, versus the men that is usually the one trying to get advantage of the female employee.
In addition, women are significantly more likely than men to face challenges balancing their work and personal lives. They have also made more choices and trade-offs between their work and personal lives.
According to the NCSW 2008 there are more father’s at home taking care of the children than ten years ago.
The number of staying home mom decreased and the number of staying home dad increased.
This is all a reflection of this new rule of workplace today. The fact that a women has children does not make her to stop her plans for a better carrier.
The women today has a new spirit of entrepreneurship that was not seen so often before. The women today are opening business and going back to college. The women today is taking her professional life to a whole another level and proofing that they can achieve their dreams and they can make it happen, just like the men can.
The workplace has changed in the past ten years and will keep changing for a long time.
The men and the women are adapting to all these economical problems that the world is confronting and that is one of the reasons that we see more women working today then ten years ago.
The women knows that they need to work to help pay the bills and also for her self esteem.
I believe that the women that works have a much better self esteem then the women that stay home with the children.
I’m very proud to be a women and to participate on the workplace environment. I can learn a lot from all the new contacts with people and with all the obstacle that I confront at work.
The women today deserves all the recognitions from our society. Our women today not only takes care of the children, but they also go to school and they run businesses.
Here are some general variations in the way men and women communicate.
Men and women communicating in the work place.
DIFFERENCE
Giving Orders
Several well-respected studies have shown women tend to soften their demands and statements, whereas men tend to be more direct. Women, for example, use tag lines, phrases like, "don't you think" following the presentation of an idea, "if you don't mind" following a demand or "this may be a crazy idea, but" preceding a suggestion.
Many women are conditioned by culture to maintain harmony in relationships. That conditioning is manifested in softened demands, hedged statements and a generally more tentative communication style.
The important thing to remember is that tentative communication does not mean the speaker actually feels tentative or is lacking in confidence. Similarly, more direct communication -- as seen with some men and, because we can't generalize, some women, too -- does not mean the person is arrogant, bossy or feels superior. These are nothing more than learned ways of communicating.
Asking Questions
women generally ask more questions than men. We have all heard or experienced the anecdote about the man who refuses to stop to ask directions when lost. We get a good chuckle out of this story, but differences in how and when questions are asked can create real confusion in the workplace.
Asking questions means different things to men and women. Men ask questions for one purpose only: to gather information. For women, asking questions serves two purposes: One is to gather information but, as you've probably noticed, women will also ask questions when they already know the answers. Why? They want to show interest in what the other person has said to cultivate the relationship.
Overcoming Misunderstandings and Misinterpretations
Men are perfectly right to be more direct and ask fewer questions, while women and some men are simply more comfortable with a softer style of communicating. The problem arises when these differences lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, which can ultimately disrupt teamwork and even derail someone's chances for upward mobility.
source : https://alinelowry.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/the-difference-and-similarities-between-men-and-women-in-a-workplace/
The difference and similarities between men and women has been always a great topic to discuss. For so many years the men has been dominating the work market and the women was always bellow the man when it comes to work subject. The women was always given the “stay home” or “homemaker” tag. But today this scenario is changing dramatically.
Women are more than ever interested on jobs that before only men could dream of having.
On the same way the scenario for the men has been changing greatly.
The number of staying home dad’s has increased these last 10 years, according to the NCSW 2008 (National study of the changing workforce).
Because of the changes on the workplace environment, the women today is fighting for her rights and getting into places never dreamed of.
When it comes to workplace subject, there are many similarities and many differences between men and women.
Based on the NCSW 2008, men and women are similar in their desire for workplace flexibility, demonstrating that balancing work and personal responsibilities is not simply a women’s issue.
Although women face more challenges in achieving work/life balance, women and men equally desire a variety of informal and formal flexible work arrangements.
Clearly, workplace flexibility is no longer just about women and child care, but is more likely a quality of life issue for all employees.
Despite similar ambitions, the number of women at the top remains low compared to the number of men.
NSCW latest censuses show that although women make up 50.5 percent of the U.S. workforce, they hold only 15.7 percent of corporate officer positions in the Fortune 500 and 13.6 percent of board director seats. They hold only 7.9 percent of Fortune 500 highest titles, and represent only 5.2 percent of top earners.
Furthermore, the majority of women corporate officers are in staff positions rather than line positions, which have profit-and-loss responsibility and more often lead to the top. Only 9.9 percent of line corporate officer jobs are held by women.
Although women and men experience many of the same barriers to success, women face a host of stereotypes and environmental challenges that their male colleagues do not, including exclusion from informal networks, gender-based stereotypes, lack of role models, and they also have to deal with sexual harassment.
The sexual harassment topic is something that many times women have to deal, versus the men that is usually the one trying to get advantage of the female employee.
In addition, women are significantly more likely than men to face challenges balancing their work and personal lives. They have also made more choices and trade-offs between their work and personal lives.
According to the NCSW 2008 there are more father’s at home taking care of the children than ten years ago.
The number of staying home mom decreased and the number of staying home dad increased.
This is all a reflection of this new rule of workplace today. The fact that a women has children does not make her to stop her plans for a better carrier.
The women today has a new spirit of entrepreneurship that was not seen so often before. The women today are opening business and going back to college. The women today is taking her professional life to a whole another level and proofing that they can achieve their dreams and they can make it happen, just like the men can.
The workplace has changed in the past ten years and will keep changing for a long time.
The men and the women are adapting to all these economical problems that the world is confronting and that is one of the reasons that we see more women working today then ten years ago.
The women knows that they need to work to help pay the bills and also for her self esteem.
I believe that the women that works have a much better self esteem then the women that stay home with the children.
I’m very proud to be a women and to participate on the workplace environment. I can learn a lot from all the new contacts with people and with all the obstacle that I confront at work.
The women today deserves all the recognitions from our society. Our women today not only takes care of the children, but they also go to school and they run businesses.
Here are some general variations in the way men and women communicate.
- Women and men are now days both concern on a great carrier.
- Women concerns more about taking care of the kids than the men.
- Women are still making less money than the men holding the same job.
- There is much more women that works from home, then men.
- Women deals much more with Sexual Harassment then the men.
- Women have to deal with maternity leave and the men don’t
- Both styles of communication are equally valid.
Men and women communicating in the work place.
DIFFERENCE
- Men focus on power / rank / status. Women focus on relationships.
- Men talk to give information or report. Women talk to collect information or gain rapport.
- Men talk about things (business, sports, food). Women talk about people / relationships.
- Men focus on facts, reason and logic. Women focus on feelings, senses and meaning.
- Men thrive on competing and achieving. Women thrive on harmony and relating.
- Men "know" by analyzing and figuring out. Women "know" by intuiting.
- Men are more assertive. Women are more cooperative.
- Men tend to be focused, specific, logical. Women are holistic and organic.
- Men are at ease with order, rules and structure. Women with fluidity.
- Men immediately want to get working on a project. Women tend to ask lots of questions before beginning a project.
- Men want to think. Women want to feel.
- Men and women both still use written communication via e-mail or SMS to communicate each other.
- Men and women both show gestures when speaking as an example of hand and arm movement.
- Men and women both make eye contact when talking or communicate with each other.
- Men and women both show the body language so the others can easily understand what they are saying.
- Men and women both are still associating emotions in communication with each other.
Giving Orders
Several well-respected studies have shown women tend to soften their demands and statements, whereas men tend to be more direct. Women, for example, use tag lines, phrases like, "don't you think" following the presentation of an idea, "if you don't mind" following a demand or "this may be a crazy idea, but" preceding a suggestion.
Many women are conditioned by culture to maintain harmony in relationships. That conditioning is manifested in softened demands, hedged statements and a generally more tentative communication style.
The important thing to remember is that tentative communication does not mean the speaker actually feels tentative or is lacking in confidence. Similarly, more direct communication -- as seen with some men and, because we can't generalize, some women, too -- does not mean the person is arrogant, bossy or feels superior. These are nothing more than learned ways of communicating.
Asking Questions
women generally ask more questions than men. We have all heard or experienced the anecdote about the man who refuses to stop to ask directions when lost. We get a good chuckle out of this story, but differences in how and when questions are asked can create real confusion in the workplace.
Asking questions means different things to men and women. Men ask questions for one purpose only: to gather information. For women, asking questions serves two purposes: One is to gather information but, as you've probably noticed, women will also ask questions when they already know the answers. Why? They want to show interest in what the other person has said to cultivate the relationship.
Overcoming Misunderstandings and Misinterpretations
Men are perfectly right to be more direct and ask fewer questions, while women and some men are simply more comfortable with a softer style of communicating. The problem arises when these differences lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, which can ultimately disrupt teamwork and even derail someone's chances for upward mobility.
source : https://alinelowry.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/the-difference-and-similarities-between-men-and-women-in-a-workplace/
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