WORKSHEET : PERANAN TAMADUN MELAYU DALAM PEMBINAAN TAMADUN MALAYSIA

Masyarakat Melayu merupakan masyarakat yang terbesar dalam menyumbang ke arah kelangsungan tamadun Malaysia. Peranannya dapat dilihat dalam Pembinaan Negara Bangsa, Pandangan Semesta Melayu Islam, dan Peradaban dan Budaya Melayu.

Pertama, negara adalah suatu masyarakat yang menduduki kawasan tertentu dan diperintah oleh sebuah kerajaan. Bangsa pula merujuk kepada kumpulan manusia dalam satu ikatan negara. Negara bangsa pula merupakan masyarakat pelbagai etnik, agama dan budaya mengamalkan sikap persefahaman dan toleransi dalam suasana yang harmoni. Orang Melayu perlu mengambilkira peranan penting kaum-kaum lain. Bahasa Melayu harus terus menjadi wahana budaya dan sebagai penyalur kebudayaan kebangsaan Malaysia.

Kedua, tamadun Melayu adalah pemangkin kepada pembentukan pandangan semesta Malaysia berasaskan ajaran Islam. Tamadun Melayu Islam pada asasnya telah dibina di atas enam dasar pandangan semesta iaitu Islam Agama Wahyu, Allah Sebagai Pencipta, Konsep Pembalasan, Mementingkan Nilai, Konsep Kesederhanaan dan Konsep Akauntabiliti.

Ketiga, peranan budaya Melayu amat penting dalam usaha kelangsungan tamadun Malaysia. Budaya dan peradaban Melayu pemangkin kepada tamadun Malaysia jika mengamalkan ciri-ciri seperti Masyarakat yang Berilmu, Kekuatan Ekonomi dan Pengurusan Harta, Masyarakat Penyayang dan Toleransi.

WORKSHEET : NEWS CONFERENCE DIALOGUE ABOUT ARCHITECTURE ELC121

NEWS CONFERENCE ABOUT ARCHITECTURE
by Iqmar, Farah, Puti and Khadijah

Architect KD : Assalamualaikum, I'm the head of architect KAHFAH ARCHITECTURE WORLD. We invite all of you today to present for our next project for the new office in Kuala Lumpur. So this is the look of our new office building. And, basically this is only the draft.

Architect Farah : So now the question session, journalist can ask any question about our new plan.

Journalist Puti : Hello, my name is Puti Iylia Maisarah. I'm the representative from the newspaper company, In Today's News. So we know that the tall of this building is 12 floors and it is 68.1 meters. This building also consume energy average 1.4 billion Btu a year.  I want to ask you about the parking lot in this building? the capacity, how many cars can fit in one single time?

Architect Farah : Ok thank you for the question. The parking lot is at the basement and it only can fit for hundred cars. Next...

Journalist Iqmar : Hello, My name is Iqmar Bin Abdullah and I'm from the magazine company, Our Business. We are interested to know about the interior uses of the building and the interior design. what kind of theme you choose for all the rooms and floors?

Architect KD : We collaborate with IKEA and we got a sponsorship from them. In addition, used furniture will be comfortable to all our employees. Therefore, colors we choose which are grey and yellow for this building was keeping up in 2017 and we want citizens to recognize our company building  as an image different from the other buildings.

Journalist Puti : This building is in the middle of the city right? so can you tell us the advantage about the location. and how about the neighborhood, how it can attract many people to get involved with this company.        

Architect Farah : Our bussiness's location is key to successful operations and overall growth. When choosing our location, we consider company needs, customers, empoyees and equipment needed to complete the services. Besides, it also can create employment opportunities for the people. Our company close to KTM and LRT station, bus station, supermarket and a lot of building and skyscrapper.

Journalist Puti : What are current trends in architecture?
Architect KD : the need of the hour is Sustainable Architecture which is
1. Green roofs or green techniques
2. Energy conservation
3. Light and modern materials for roofs
4. Vertical farming

Journalist Iqmar : As you said before, the current trends in architecture is green roof which is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. So we want to know if this building include this eco-friendly landscape or not?

Architect Farah : Yes we do. Greenhouse or our rooftop park that we had only allowed to enter during office hours. Apart from workers, we also open to everyone to visit our greenhouse.
           
Journalist Puti : and talk about the landscaping, we want to know more about it? can you explain?

Architect Farah : Our building should have eco-friendly because we attach great importance to the health of workers. In addition, it is also to prevent the depletion of the ozone layer because the city is getting a lot of tall buildings.

Journalist Iqmar : So, as we see the capasity of parking lot is not that much. so how about the rest of the employee?

Architect KD : The rest of the staffs have to park their cars at the outside of the building.

Journalist Puti : Okey, and how about the prayer room? how many person can fit in one time for praying?

Architect Farah : The prayer room is on the third floor and it's only can fit in 20 person in one time. Our building is near with the city mosque, so it's easy for our employee.

Journalist Iqmar : So we think that's all. I'm the behalf of the journalist want to thanks this company for inviting us.

Architect KD: We also want to thanks all the journalist for coming today and hoping the journalist can write good article about our new project. Thanks!

WORKSHEET : EMBRACE OUR SKIN COLOUR

3 REASONS WHY WE SHOULD EMBRACE OUR SKIN COLOUR

Sometimes staying true to who you are and what you look like is what makes you even more attractive. The most important reason as to why you should embrace your morena skin is because you should embrace all that you are. Learn to love the skin that you are in and you will live a happier life because only by loving yourself truly will only bring out your natural beauty further.

Next, bright colour attire are your best friends now. No one seems to have the courage to wear bright colors nowadays. Everyone always wear black, white, gray which is honestly dull at times. Luckily for this, bright colors complement their skin tone. We assure you that you will always look crazy good when you invest in a colorful wardrobe.

You also don’t need to bask under the sun for a tan. Some people seriously love a good tan which is why some take the time to be under the sun to get the skin tone that they want. Now put that whitening cream down and love the tan skin you are naturally blessed with.

3 SATISFACTION BY EMBRACING OUR SKIN COLOUR

It is time to turn things around and finally celebrate our God-given beauty. What we really need to do is step back and take the time to really appreciate our very existence. Embrace your individuality because you are loved for being you. You should love yourself and be grateful for the same reason too.

Self-esteem is a confidence and satisfaction in oneself. By embracing our skin colour, it can lift up our confidence and self-esteem to do anything in life. It is up to the individual to decide how much belief that they possess inside of themselves.

Dewy or glowy makeup also looks good on you. One word: highlighter. And no, this is not the marker you use for reviewing your notes. It's the makeup product you use to make your skin look glowing and radiant. The best thing about that, the glow is more prominent compared to fairer skin tones.

WORKSHEET : MASS MED COM167 TERMINOLOGY

1. Copyright : A legal right that grants to the owner of a work protection against unauthorized copying.

2. Broadcasting : Using wireless technology to instantaneous reach a wide audience.

3. Morse Code : Telegraph code of dots and dashes invented by Samuel Morse.

4. Channel Allocation : The placement of assigned spots on the electromagnetic spectrum to individual broadcast stations.

5. Videotext : An experimental system for delivering electronic newspapers to homes via television sets.

6. Domain : The portion of an Internet address that identities the network that handles the account.

7. Lobbying : Any attempt to influence the voting of legislators.

8. Exclusive : A story granted to just one news outlet.

9. Corporate aids : Community relations activity in which a company helps society on a large scale.

10. Pitching account : Presenting new ideas for ad campaigns to a prospective client.

11. Stereophonic sound : Recording technique in which tracks are placed individually.

12. Compact discs : Plastic discs with digitally encoded music or speech read by lasers.

13. Residual news : Stories about events that are recurrent of long-lasting.

14. Credibility gap : The difference between what a government says and what the public believes to be true.

15. Streaming : Sending live video and audio over online applications.

16. Stringers : Independent journalists who are paid only for material used.

17. Video news release (VNR) : A ready-to-broadcast videotape designed for use in television news.

18. Puffery : Exaggeration in advertising claims.

19. Target marketing : The process of breaking up the advertising audience into diverse segments to reach those individuals most likely to purchase a particular product.

20. Pitching Account : Presenting new ideas for ad campaigns to a prospective client.

21. Media buyers : Advertising agency personnel who purchase ad time and space.

22. Trial balloons : Leaks in which the source reveals that some action is being considered, in order to rest public feeling about the action before going ahead with it.

23. Public relations : All the activities that maintain a beneficial relationship between an organization and it is various public.

24. Hypertext links : Highlighted words and images within a web page that allow the user to move to another site by pointing and clicking a mouse button.

25. Protocols : Software codes that enable one computer to communicate with another.

26. Must Carry Rules : FCC regulations that require cable systems to carry all local television stations within the system’s area of coverage.

27. Video on demand : Services that allow subscribers to order recent feature films, sporting events, concerts, news items, and special events at any time; television clips that users can access whenever they want.

28. Soundscan : A point-of-sale computer system that determines sales for best-selling records lists. 

WORKSHEET : COMMUNICATION THEORIES

1. Expectancy Violation Theory

1. Assumption – people make predictions about nonverbal behavior.

2. Territoriality – person’s ownership of an area or object.

3. Personal distance - spatial zone of 18 inches to 4 feet, reserved for family and friends.

4. Arousal -  increased or attention when deviations from expectations occur.

5. Interactional expectations - an individual’s ability to carry out the interaction.

2. Social Exchange Theory

1. Dispositional matrix – the beliefs you have about relationships.

2. Behavioral Sequence – a series of actions designed to achieve a goal.

3. Outcome – whether people continue in a relationship or terminate it.

3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory

1. Reactivity searching – a passive strategy involving watching a person doing something.

2. Disinhabition searching – a passive strategy involving watching a person’s natural or uninhabited behaviour in an informal environment.

3. Relational uncertainty – a lack of certainty about the future and status of a relationship

4. Uncertainty avoidance – an attempt to avoid ambiguous situations

4. Social Penetration theory

1. Social penetration – process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate.

2. Orientation stage – stage of social penetration that includes revealing small parts of ourselves

3. Personal idioms – private, intimate, expressions stated in a relationship

5. Group think

1. Task-oriented groups – sets of individuals whose main goal is to work toward completing jobs assigned to them

2. Problem solving group – sets of individuals whose main task is to make decisions and provide policy recommendations.

3. Concurrence seeking – efforts to search out group consensus

4. Illusion of invulnerability – belief that the group is special enough to overcome obstacles.

5. Belief in the inherent morality of the group – assumption that one group members are thoughtful and good; therefore, the decisions they make will be good.

6. Closed-mindedness – a group’s willingness to ignore differences in people and warnings about poor group decisions.

7. Out-group stereotypes – stereotyped perceptions of group enemies or competitors.

8. Collective rationalization – situation in which group members ignore warnings about their decisions.

9. Pressures on dissenters – direct influence on group members who provide thoughts contrary to the group’s.

10. Whistle-blowing – process in which individuals report unethical or illegal behaviors or practices to others. Conscientious objectors – Group members who refuse to participate because it would violate personal conscience.

6. Symbolic Interaction Theory

1. Self-fulfillng prophecy - a prediction about yourself causing you to behave in such a way that it comes true.

2. Looking-glass self - our ability to see ourselves as another sees us.

3. Pygmalion effect - living up to or down to another expectations of us.

4. Role taking - the ability to put oneself in another’s place.

7. Spiral of silence theory

1. Public opinion - attitudes and behaviors expressed in public in order to avoid isolation.

2. Quasi-statistical sense - Personal estimation of the strength of opposing sides on a public issue.

3. Pluralistic ignorance - mistaken observation of how most people feel.

4. Hard core - group(s) at the end of the spiral willing to speak out at any cost

WORKSHEET : LIB101 SOCIOLOGY TERMINOLOGY

1. Class conflict - According to Karl Marx (1818–1883), the struggle between the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).

2. Modernization theory - a version of market-oriented developmental theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment.

3. Stereotype - oversimplified image applied to a category of people

4. Kinship - refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption.

5. Health - World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

6. Pay gap – the disparity between women’s and men’s earning.

7. Absolute poverty - absence of enough money to secure lifes necessities

8. Core countries – are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization. Eg: US and Japan.

9. Race - is a category of people who have been singled out of inferior or superior, often on the basis of real alleged physical characteristics such as skin, color, hair texture, eye shape or other subjectively selected attribute. Eg: Malaysian, Asian American.

10. Sexism - beliefs attitudes norms and values used to justlify sexual inequality.

11. Cohabitation - as referring to two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.

12. Social epidemiology - is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

THE BOY IN THE BOX (CALIFORNIA)

Case name: The Boy in The Box

Victim name: Anthony Saul Gibbons

Event type: Death, Child Abuse

Event date: 3 August 1993

Event place: Los Angeles, California, United States

Birth date: 19 Apr 1963

Birthplace: California

Gender: Male

Mother’s name: Buchanan

Long-Sought Box Boy's Dad Arrested Here

James Herbert Gibbons, 39, who had been sought by authorities for two years in the notorious “boy in the box” child abuse case, was arrested at about 9 a.m. today in Palm Springs. Gibbons, whose most recent employer was reported to be Haigazian College, Beruit, Lebanon, surrendered himself to deputy sheriffs at the Smoke Tree parking lot. His attorney had notified deputies prior to the arrest that Gibbons would give himself up. He was charged with willful charge abuse, a deputy said. Bail was set at $25,000 in Indio. Gibbons, the boy's mother, Beverly Gibbons, and 10 other persons were accused of imprisoning Anthony Saul Gibbons, age 6, in a wooden box in the open desert near Blythe for 56 days in the summer of 1968, as punishment for setting fire to a building at a commune at which the group was living. Mrs. Gibbons and six others of the accused were convicted; four on felony charges and three on misdemeanors, and three others were acquitted.

'Box Boy' Tells Tale From Witness Stand

INDIO (U P I) -Anthony Saul Gibbons, 6, sitting on a pillow on the witness stand so he could be seen, testified Wednesday he was burned with matches and imprisoned in a packing crate at a desert commune for starting a fire. The small boy was barely audible as he related the events that led to his being chained inside the sweltering box for 56 days during the summer on the farm-commune operated by a cult called Ordi Templar Orientalis. Eleven members of the commune, including the child’s mother, are on trial for felony child abuse. Anthony, now a ward of the court, said his fingers were burned with matches after he started the fire which destroyed a house and injured a group of goats June 20. He testinied he was placed in the packing crate with his legs chained and let oat only to do his “chores.” The boy was questioned repeatedly before he took the oath as defense attorney Keith Blazer attempted to establish if the boy knew what a lie was. The boy said he understood that he would be punished if he told a lie. After Anthony testified the prosecution rested its case.

PRINSIP PENTERJEMAHAN : TAFSIRAN BM - BI 1.0

27 september 2017

1.       Perdana Menteri : Prime Minister

2.       Ibu acuan : Mother mold

3.       Gula merah : Brown sugar

4.       Biawak : Monitor lizard

5.       Kuning langsat : Mustard

6.       Hijau serindit : Electric green

7.       Hijau pucuk pisang :  Electric green

8.       Hutan hujan tropika : Tropical rainforest

9.       Nasi lemak : Nasi lemak

10.   Gewang selam cetek : Low-diver-lures

11.   Lembu betina : Cow

12.   Lembu jantan : Bull

13.   Anak lembu : Calf, cattle

14.   Cetakan pertama : First edition, First copy

15.   Tikus mondok : Mole

16.   Pukat tunda : Pair trawler

17.   Pirus : Turqoise

18.   Lunas kapal : Ship blige keel

19.   Masa itu emas : Time is diamond

20.   Sambil menyelam minum air : Kill two bird with one stone

21.   Batu loncatan : springboard

22.   Baju melayu : Baju melayu

23.   Keropok lekor : Keropok lekor

24.   Keropok ubi : Potato cracker/chip

25.   Kelapa sawit : Oil palm

26.   Kemahiran insaniah : Soft skill

27.   Kemahiran teknikal : Hard skill

28.   Salinan lembut : Soft copy

29.   Milky way : Bima sakti

30.   Ayam tambatan : Trump card
31. Masyarakat majmuk/ masyarakat pelbagai kaum atau bangsa : Multicultural society
32. Pakar-pakar industri : Industry players
33. Sebaran dari mulut ke mulut : Word of mouth
34. Ucapan selamat tinggal : Bidding farewell
35. Benua/ wilayah : Continents
36. Putih melepak : Milky white
37. Beban kerja : Work load
38. Buta huruf : Illiterate
39. Biru laut : Navy blue
40. Hulubalang : Warlord, general, commander, warrior
41. Takat didih air : Boiling point of water
42. Bapa borek, anak rintik : Like father, like son
43. Berat hati : Heavy-hearted
44. Biru gelap : Dark blue  
45. Pendamkannya : Keep it to yourself

PRINSIP PENTERJEMAHAN : KELAYAKAN PENTERJEMAH

Kelayakan Penterjemah

 i.   Mengetahui bahasa sumber 

Bahasa sumber ialah bahasa asal yang akan diterjemah ke dalam bahasa kedua. Pengetahuan dalam bahasa sumber mestilah mendalam.  Seseorang itu harus mengetahui selok bahasa, keistimewaan dan keganjilan bahasa itu supaya dia memahami makna terkandung dalam teks asal.  Dengan itu, barulah dia dapat membuat terjemahan dengan tepat.

ii.   Mengetahui bahasa penerima

Bahasa penerima ialah bahasa yang akan diterjemahkan daripada teks asal.  Dengan kata lain, bahasa penerima ialah bahasa kedua.   

Mengikut pakar penterjamah, seseorang penterjemah selain menguasai bahasa sumber dengan baik, dia mestilah menguasai bahasa penerima dengan lebih baik lagi.  Contohnya seseorang itu menterjemahkan teks daripada bahasa Cina ke dalam bahasa Melayu, penterjemah itu mestilah mengetahui bahasa Melayu lebih baik daripada bahasa Cina, atau sama baik dalam kedua-dua bahasa itu.

Penterjemah perlu menguasai bahasa sasaran supaya terjemahan yang dihasilkan menghormati atau sesuai dengan struktur dan tatabahasa bahasa sasaran.

iii.   Pengetahuan dalam bidang yang diterjemah 

Untuk memastikan agar makna atau maklumat dalam teks asal dapat diterjemahkan dengan tepat ke dalam bahasa penerima, seseorang penterjemah itu perlu mengetahui bidang yang hendak diterjemah itu dengan mendalam.  Penguasaan bahasa yang baik tidak mencukupi untuk menjadi penterjemah yang baik, terutama dalam bidang profesional seperti undang-undang, sains, teknologi, falsafah dan karya kesusasteraan.

Penterjemah perlu mengetahui dalam bidang yang diterjemahkan supaya konsep saintifik dan teknikal yang ingin disampaikan dalam bahasa sumber dapat dipindahkan dengan baik dalam bahasa sasaran.

iv.   Mengetahui teori dan amalan terjemahan 

Bidang penterjemahan telah melahirkan teori dan kaedah ilmiahnya sendiri.  Oleh itu, adalah penting bagi penterjemah melengkapkan diri dengan ilmu pengetahuan dalam teori dan amalan sebelum memulakan kerja penterjemahan.

Penterjemah perlu mengetahui teori dan amalan penterjemahan supaya penterjemah dapat menggunakan kaedah, teknik dan strategi terjemahan yang sesuai agar terjemahan yang dihasilkan tidak kaku atau berbau terjemahan.

v. Mengetahui sasaran atau penerima

Penterjemah perlu memahami dan mengenali sasaran supaya terjemahan yang dilakukan sesuai dengan tahap pemahaman pembaca sasaran.

Sebagai contoh golongan sasaran atau penerima ialah kanak-kanak, bangsa melayu atau penduduk Malaysia. Jika sesuatu teks itu diterjemah dengan penterjemahan formal dan terlalu intelektual maka golongan kanak-kanak sukar atau tidak dapat memahami mesej yang ingin disampaikan.

vi. Mempunyai ketelusan dan integriti

Penterjemah perlu telus dan berintegriti supaya penterjemahan yang dilakukan tidak mempunyai unsur unsur tokok tambah atau pengurangan atau perubahan yang menyimpang jauh daripada ideologi yang disampaikan dalam bahasa sumber.

Selain enam syarat di atas, terdapat satu perkara yang harus dimiliki oleh seseorang penterjemah. Sebagai manusia, penterjemah mempunyai perasaan, pendirian, nilai, dan sikap tertentu. Perkara ini menyebabkan penterjemah itu dipengaruhi oleh pandnagan tersebut semasa melakukan penterjemahan. Dia mungkin mempunyai pendapat yang berlawanan dengan pengarang, atau dia mungkin bersetuju dengan idea pengarang, tetapi tidak menyukai cara pengarang itu menyampaikan idea tersebut. Persamaan atau perbezaan pendapat antara pengarang dan penterjemah mungkin terbawa-bawa dalam tugas terjemahan. 

Namun begitu, penterjemah tidak harus membiarkan sikap sendiri mempengaruhi terjemahannya. Dia mestilah cuba sedaya upaya untuk mengelakkan diri daripada melakukan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan maksud asal pengarang, sebaliknya cuba mengekalkan maksud asal dan pendirian pengarang. Dengan itu, barulah penterjemah itu melakukan terjemahan dengan baik

PRINSIP PENTERJEMAHAN : STRATEGI PENTERJEMAHAN

Strategi Penterjemahan

Strategi terjemahan adalah prosedur yang digunakan oleh penterjemah dalam menyelesaikan masalah terjemahan.

Strategi atau teknik atau prosedur penerjemahan adalah keperluan teknikal untuk menterjemahkan frasa mengikut frasa atau ayat demi ayat. Menurut Zunchiridin dan Sugeng, terdapat dua jenis strategi terjemahan: strategi struktural dan strategi semantik.

1. Strategi Struktur

Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan strategi struktur adalah strategi yang berkaitan dengan struktur kalimat. Strategi ini harus diikuti oleh penterjemah jika anda mahu teks diterjemahkan diterima secara struktural dalam bahasa sasaran atau jika anda ingin teks terjemahan menjadi masuk akal dalam bahasa sasaran.

Terdapat tiga strategi asas yang berkaitan dengan masalah struktur ini, iaitu:

a. Tambahan

iaitu penambahan kata-kata dalam bahasa sasaran, kerana struktur bahasa sasaran begitu keinginan. Penambahan ini bukan satu pilihan tetapi satu keperluan.

b. Penolakan

yakni pengurangan unsur struktur dalam bahasa sasaran, karena struktur bahasa sasaran begitu keinginan. Pengurangan ini bukan satu pilihan tetapi satu keperluan.

c. Transposisi.

Diapaki untuk menterjemahkan klausa atau ayat. Dengan strategi ini, penterjemah mengubah struktur asal bahasa sumber dalam kalimat bahasa sasaran. Perubahan ini boleh menjadi satu bentuk jamak, gabungan atau kalimat tunggal.

2. Strategi Semantik

Adakah strategi penterjemahan yang dilakukan dengan pertimbangan makna. Strategi ini dikendalikan pada peringkat perkataan, tambang dan fasal dan ayat.

a. Levi (pinjaman)

Strategi terjemahan yang memetik bahasa sumber ke dalam teks bahasa sasaran. Sebabnya adalah untuk menghargai perkataan atau ketiadaan perlawanan dalam bahasa sasaran. Caj ini termasuk transliterasi dan penaturalisasian.

Transliterasi adalah terjemahan yang mengekalkan kata-kata bahasa sumber utuh, sama ada bunyi atau teks. Walaupun penaturalisasian (penyesuaian) adalah penerusan transliterasi, penngnapan dan tadbir urus telah disesuaikan dengan peraturan bahasa sasaran.

b. Bersamaan kebudayaan (persamaan kebudayaan)

penterjemah menggunakan perkataan tersendiri dalam bahasa sasaran untuk menggantikan kata tersendiri dalam bahasa sumber.

c. Analisis kecekapan dan pergabungan deskriptif (analisa analisis)

Cuba untuk menerangkan maksud atau fungsi perkataan bahasa sumber. Dalam analisis komponen, perkataan bahasa sumber diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa sasaran dengan memperincikan komponen makna bahasa sumber. ini adalah kerana tidak ada satu sama persamaan dalam bahasa sasaran, manakala penterjemah menganggap pembaca perlu mengetahui makna sebenar.

Apabila bersamaan deskriptif digunakan untuk menterjemahkan perkataan yang berkaitan dengan budaya, maka analisis komponen digunakan untuk menterjemahkan kata-kata biasa.

d. Sinonim

penterjemah juga boleh menggunakan perkataan bahasa sasaran biasa yang sama untuk kata-kata bahasa sumber umum yang enggan menggunakan analisa komponen.

e. Tambahan

dilakukan untuk menjelaskan maksudnya. Penerjemah termasuk maklumat tambahan dalam teks terjemahan.

f. Penghapusan (peninggalan atau pemadaman)

kehadiran beberapa perkataan dalam bahasa sumber yang tidak diterjemahkan. Pertimbangannya adalah bahawa perkataan itu tidak begitu penting untuk keseluruhan teks.

g. Modulasi

strategi yang digunakan untuk menterjemahkan frasa, kalusa atau ayat. Penterjemah melihat mesej dalam kalimat bahasa sumber dari sudut yang berbeza atau cara pemikiran yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh: saya memecahkan kaki saya = kaki saya patah.

Sementara itu, Muhammad Enani memetik Vinay dan Darbelnet. Jelaskan bahawa terdapat beberapa teknik yang digunakan dalam menterjemahkan teks tanpa menyapu ke dalam bentuk struktur atau semantik. Antara teknik-tekniknya ialah: meminjam (al-iqtiradh), calque (al-naql bi al-muhakah), terjemahan literal (al-tarjamah al-harfiyah), transposisi (al-ibdal al-sharfy) -nadzrah), kesetaraan (al-ta'adul, dan adaptasi) walaupun beberapa teknik yang sama telah diterangkan di atas tetapi di sini saya akan memasukkan penjelasan mengenai rujukan yang berbeza walaupun tidak begitu jelas.

a. Teknik peminjaman (al-iqtiradh).

 Namakan memasukkan dan menggunakan bahasa teks sumber seperti itu, dan tuliskannya kembali dalam bahasa sasaran. Teknik ini biasanya digunakan untuk menterjemah nama, tajuk buku, jurnal, majalah, surat khabar, nama institusi, nama jalan, tempat tinggal, alamat, dll.

b. Teknik calque (al-naql bi al-muhakah)

iaitu untuk mengalihkan ayat atau perkataan yang mempunyai arti tertentu berdasarkan beberapa makna yang terkandung (tidak utuh), untuk menghasilkan kata / kalimat yang boleh dibandingkan / sesuai dengan bahasa sumber untuk mencari makna autonomi.

c. Terjemahan literal (al-tarajamah al-harfiyah)

dalam teknik ini perkataan dengan perkataan atau frasa dengan frasa diterjemahkan.

d. Teknik transposisi (al-ibdal al-harfiy)

yakni mengubah atau mengubah bentuk unit kata yang terkandung dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bentuk lain. seperti bentuk isim (kata benda) ditukar menjadi bentuk kata kerja (kata kerja) bentuk jamak menjadi satu dan lain-lain.

e. Modulasi (taghyir al-nadzrah)

teknik ini dapat difahami sebagai perubahan pandangan atau perspektif yang berkaitan dengan kategori pemikiran atau pengubahan leksikisme unit lingustik dengan unsur linguistik yang berbeza dalam bahasa penerima. Perubahan sudut pandangan biasanya dilakukan dalam kes-kes tertentu, contohnya: kalimat aktif diubah menjadi pasif, struktur benda diubah menjadi kata kerja, struktur tamyiz menjadi bentuk kalimat biasa dll.

f. Keterujaan teknik (al-ta'adul)

teknik ini biasanya digunakan dalam konteks tertentu untuk menyelaraskan makna antara dua bahasa yang berbeza. Teknik ini mempunyai manfaat besar untuk menterjemahkan istilah atau frasa tertentu.

g. Teknik penyesuaian (al-tathwi)

teknik ini berkaitan dengan perbezaan budaya yang berkembang secara kultural dalam masyarakat pengguna bahasa.

PRINSIP PENTERJEMAHAN : PENGENALAN 1.0

Bahasa sumber

- Bahasa diterjemahkan ke bahasa lain

- Bahasa yang digunakan sebagai pengantar pengajaran bahasa asing

- Bahasa asal penyerapan perkataan

Bahasa sasaran

- Bahasa yang menjadi medium mandat yang berasal dari bahasa sumber selepas melalui proses pengalihan

- Bahasa yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan makna huruf yang terkandung dalam kamus

Prinsip Penterjemahan

Penerjemahan merupakan satu pekerjaan yang memerlukan kesungguhan. Ini adalah kerana penerjemahan yang tidak bersungguh-sungguh akan menimbulkan kekeliruan pembaca dan lebih-lebih lagi menimbulkan salah faham pembaca terhadap maksud pengarang teks sumber. Oleh itu, penerjemahan seharusnya dilakukan dengan berpandu kepada prinsip-prinsip yang tertentu.

Tidak mengubah maksud pengarang teks asal.

- Prinsip ini adalah jelas untuk para penterjamah. Tetapi, pada praktikalnya para penterjemah sebenarnya sukar untuk mengelakkan diri untuk mengubah maksud pengarang secara 100% kerana faktor perbezaan budaya dan bahasa. Tetapi, ini tidak bermaksud penterjemah diizinkan mengubah maksud pengarang teks asal dengan segaja.

Menghasilkan terjemahan yang mudah difahami pembaca.

- Pentejemahan merupakan sebahagian daripada komunikasi. Oleh itu, sesuatu terjemahan sebaik-baiknya mudah difahami supaya tujuan komunikasi antara pembaca dengan pengarang asal dapat dicapai.

Menghormati tatabahasa penerima.

- Dalam proses menterjemahkan, tatabahasa bahasa penerima harus dihormati. Ini bermaksud tatabahasa asing tidak seharusnya dipaksakan ke dalam teks terjemahan.

Menterjemah makna bahasa bukan menterjemah bentuk bahasa.

- Dalam proses penterjemahan, makna harus diberi fokus. Penterjemah tidak seharusnya berusaha mengekalkan bentuk bahasa teks asal sehingga menghasilkan terjemahan yang berbelit-belit dan sukar difahami.

Maka kesimpulannya, berpandukan kepada prinsip-prinsip ini, seorang penterjemah diharapkan dapat menghasilkan satu karya yang boleh dipercayai sebagai satu karya terjemahan, dan karya ini adalah sebuah karya yang boleh difahami serta selesa untuk dibaca.

Jenis Terjemahan

Terjemahan Formal

Kaedah lama penterjemahan ditumpukan pada persamaan bentuk teks terjemahan dengan teks asal. Aspek seperti format,rima rentak, bunga bahasa dan ciri-ciri kebahasaan dalam teks asal cuba dikekalkan supaya terjemahan yg dihasilkan menyamai bentuk teks asal. Kaedah ini dinamakan Kaedah Terjemahan Formal ( formal equivalence ). Kaedah ini juga dikenali sebagai Kaedah Formal, Kaedah Terjemahan Harafiah dan Terjemahan Literal.

Terjemahan Dinamik

Kaedah baru pula mengutamakan reaksi pembaca dan kesan terhadap pembaca. kaedah baru ini menitikberatkan persamaan dinamik ( dynamic equivalence ) dan disebut sebagai terjemahan kaedah dinamik.

DEAD POETS SOCIETY REFLECTION BY JASMINE

Dead Poets Society is a deeply moving story about all male students in Welton Academy, the most elite and prestigious school in America that is known for its ancient traditions and high standards. The students are surprised when an English teacher, John Keating, who is also an alumnus of the school, uses unorthodox teaching methods which are very different from strict lessons by realists and anti-youth administration. His methods have successfully reached out to his students who are facing enormous pressures from their parents and the school itself. They finally learn to break out of their shells, pursue their dreams and seize the day.

Carpe diem is a Latin expression used by Keating encouraging his students to make their lives extraordinary. This sentiment used by the main character which means seize the day helps students to live their lives to the fullest, making them be braver to get out of their comfort zones and be unique individuals while they are still alive and breathing. “We are food to worms” is a quote from one of the scenes telling us an important message that we should strive to actually live instead of just staying alive. Students in the age of 17 to 21 are in the midst of confusions and finding themselves. Some have insecurities, some may be too shy, some can be too obedient, and some even do not know how to express themselves well. Keating’s ways of teaching and thinking inspire students to take risks in their daily decisions that can be life-changing.

As can be seen by one of the seven main students in the movie, Todd Handerson is painfully shy and he is terrified that what he might say is meaningless and insignificant. His pessimism discourages him to do a poetry assigned by Keating in one of the scenes in the movie. Keating then instructs the boy to make one up in the spur of the moment by a picture of Walt Whitman hanging on the wall. By pulling such an aggressive yet kind coaching towards the boy, Keating has not only reached out to Handerson, he also managed to build that poor boy’s confidence.

Similarly, Neil Perry who is bright, also is in uncertainty when he does not know what he really wants to do in life while he is restrained by his overbearing, controlling father. When he finally realizes that his real passion in life is acting, he then proceeds to seize the day by taking the role of Puck in Midsummer Night’s Dream at the local theater. Mr. Perry, on the other hand, only wants what is best for his son. He is unwilling to look at Neil’s standpoint on life, as it did not appear as Neil had a concrete idea on what he wants to do. Thus, Mr. Perry dictates his son’s life including extra curricular activities, future plans, and specifically what others think of him. Keating suggests Neil to tell his desires and wishes to his father but he never did. Without his father’s consent, he continues to act as the main character in the play.

In my opinion, teachers in school play a big role in shaping students’ personalities and their judgments besides parents. Students spend most of their time in a learning institution than at home. Their perspectives mostly come from many sources that seem fitting to them to help them face challenges in the real world. Nonetheless, most of education systems made by rationalists have not only blocked students mind from thinking on their own as to what this movie is trying to show, they too, are restraining students from their creativity and believes. To illustrate, most of the students in Welton Academy are forced and are used to follow the traditions of the school until they were shocked in accepting Keating’s teaching method. They find his irregular classes odd and funny.

Keating then continues his teaching by instructing his students to rip off the pages of “Introduction to Poetry” that was written by Dr. J. Evans Pritchard which describes poetry according to mathematical plotting to determine the greatness of it. He is trying to demonstrate freedom of expression and deliberately bring into being freethinkers. From Keating’s perspective, romanticism allowed far more freedom than realism and it presents not only a fresh outlook on life, it also opens new ways to express themselves in ways they possibly can. To put it in simpler words, romanticism is what keeping us alive and truly living while realism is what keeping humans strive and revolutionize.

Words are a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation that functions as a principle carrier of meaning. Words are the roots of literature and writings. Dominant and meaningful words can change mindsets. Poetry can make people feel things deeply. Literature produces imaginary images in our heads. Phrases as simple as “Carpe diem” can lead to thousands of different meanings that can be seen by thousand other perspectives.